Youth Culture Essay Topics

Youth Culture Essay TopicsThere are a few commonalities in youth culture essay topics that you can use to keep the writing flowing and not get bogged down by the subject. However, there are also some common themes in youth culture essay topics that will help you create an essay that is captivating and insightful. When you have all of these elements in place, you will be well on your way to earning your high school diploma or student visa.One of the most common themes for a youth culture essay topic is the generational transition. Young people today are at the crossroads in their lives and are trying to figure out what kind of direction they want to go in. Many of them are deciding to follow their dreams while others are trying to figure out what kind of direction their life will take. This is one of the major themes for such essays.Another theme for such an essay is the nature of the information that young people gather through online sources. This is especially true of digital infor mation. For example, a web-based survey might gather information about a person's daily activities. If you are writing a youth culture essay, you might explore the many ways in which these activities can be captured by online sources and used as part of an essay.Finally, another popular theme is the way in which individual pieces of information are collected and used in article forms. For example, you might research recent major events in history in order to illustrate this theme. You might use this data in your essay to demonstrate how important these events are to present-day people.These are only three of the many essay topics that you can explore. Each of these has its own unique qualities and you might want to use several of them together. As you continue to research, you will discover many other theme possibilities that you can use.When you are working on essay topics, it is important to be systematic. Take the time to write your essay and once you are finished ask yourself wh ether or not it is truly engaging. If the essay is not engaging you will probably find that it will take a much longer period of time before you are satisfied with the work.Youth culture essay topics are of the utmost importance and should not be taken lightly. The topics should focus on events that occurred within a particular time frame and with particular situations. If the topic is not sufficiently compelling, you should think seriously about either editing or rewriting your essay.Youth culture essay topics are not only necessary for high school students but also for adults who have entered the work force or who are approaching retirement. Remember that while you may be earning your diploma or student visa you will still need to write a high quality paper. It is therefore important to spend some time choosing the right essay topic.

Essay about Great Gatsby - 1012 Words

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby is about a man named Gatsby, in love with a woman, Daisy, who is married to Tom Buchannan. He dreams that one day he and Daisy will get together. Gatsby has worked hard to become the man that he believes will impress Daisy. Even though he has an extravagant house, lots of money, and wild parties, he is without the one person he wants, Daisy. Even befriending Nick deals with Gatsby getting Daisy, because Daisy is Nick’s cousin. In a meeting arranged by Nick and Gatsby, Daisy is invited over for tea and she sees Gatsby. It seems as if time is suspended for a moment, as they look at each other both thinking something. Then Gatsby tips over Nick’s clock, symbolizing that he is running out of†¦show more content†¦T. J. Eckleburg advertising glasses. The eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg represents the fact that God and religion have taken a less substantial role in comparison with the gods that have the powers of wealth, status, and greed. Dr. Eckleburg represents God, but by the way Nick describes the billboard tells the readers that even though God may watch over His people, he is being ignored in this novel, which is symbolized by the decaying billboard: â€Å"his eyes, dimmed a little by many paint less days under the sun and rain† (28). George Wilson is the owner of the car garage in the Valley of Ashes. When Nick first meets Wilson he describes him as a â€Å"blonde, spiritless, man† the description fits him well because Wilson works on machines, especially cars (29). Machines are the lifeless, inanimate objects from which Wilson makes his living. Machines have no spirit; according to Nick Wilson has no spirit either. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Carelessness shows lack of spirituality because if a person is careless then he or she is reckless and usually has no concern for rules or consequences. The disregard for other people is shown in this novel mostly through driving. Nick tells Jordan one day while he is riding with her that she is: â€Å"a rotten driver...either you ought to be more careful or you oughtn’t to drive at all† (63). Jordan protestsShow MoreRelated Great Gatsby1497 Words   |  6 PagesIn chapter 3 of The Great Gatsby Nick is invited to one of Gatsby’s extravagant parties. He arrives only to find he doesn’t know where Gatsby is, and then he runs into Jordan Baker. Together they set off to find Gatsby and they head to the library where they find â€Å"Owl Eyes†, a drunken man trying to get sober. After talking to â€Å"Owl Eyes† for awhile they head outside again where Nick unknowingly starts a conversation with Gatsby. After revealing himse lf, Gatsby tells Jordan that he would like to speakRead MoreThe Great Gatsby806 Words   |  3 Pagesthey smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money...and let other people clean up the mess they had made... (P. 179). During the 20s, many peoples American dream was to go out, party and be free, the roaring 20s. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is an explanation of how people acted. People went to parties, lived in luxurious homes, criticized each other, and wanted to achieve their dream by trying to live it. The Wilson marriage is a failure because its one-sidedRead MoreGreat Gatsby5612 Words   |  23 PagesThe Great Gatsby – Study Guide Chapter 1 1. Why is Nick Carraway made the narrator? The device of giving Nick the function of narrator lends psychic distance from the story. Nick is part of the action, yet he is not one of the principals. He shares some of the emotions and is in a position to interpret those of the others. However, the happens are not center on him. 2. What kind of relationship exists between Nick and the Buchanans? It is completely superficial. He speaks of themRead MoreAnalysis Of The Great Gatsby 1526 Words   |  7 Pagesperson, no matter what his or her origins, could succeed in life on the sole basis of his or her own skill and effort. The Great Gatsby is a novel about what happened to the American dream in the 1920s, a period when the old values that gave substance to the dream had been corrupted by the vulgar pursuit of wealth. What Fitzgerald seems to be criticizing in The Great Gatsby is not the American Dream itself but the corruption of the American Dream. What was once--for Ben Franklin, for example, orRead MoreProhibition in the Great Gatsby1355 Words   |  6 Pagessale of alcohol. The law was put into effect to lower the crime and corruption rates in the United States in the 1920s. It was also said to reduce social problems and lower taxes. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald examines the negative repercussions of prohibition on the economy, characters in the Great Gatsby, and on the different social classes of the 1920s. Prohibition was passed to eradicate the demand for liquor but had the inadvertent effect to raise the crime rates in American. RobertRead MoreFeminism In The Great Gatsby1643 Words   |  7 PagesSocietal conventions of the time era, however, reinforce patriarchal ideologies and traditional values, as women were expected to marry and be subservient to their husbands. This is perpetuated in works of literature of the time era, notably The Great Gatsby, published by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1925. Feminist literary theory helps expose the misogynist undertones of the novel by examining the power relationship between men and women. The novel suggests that women are powerless and objectified in theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Analysis709 Words   |  3 Pagesabsurdity. Looking back at the decade, some may see it as a negative and a beginning of unlawfulness that created our current era. On the other hand, others may see this time period as expressive and free spirited. F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby to display the creative side of the decade. He was able to describe what the 1920s were about by describing the distinct life of a man who lived through the decade and his crazy life story. Several characters involved in the story were bold andRead MoreColors in The Great Gatsby758 Words   |  3 Pages Colors are very apparent in The Great Gatsby. They often show up as descriptions to many important items throughout the book, and make those items resemble symbols. The color white confuses the reader, and often causes him/her to rethink their logic. It describes false purity and deception within something, which is very apparent in the character Daisy in this novel. The color grey gives the reader a comparison, and that is of humans to machines. Something that is lifeless is described as grey.Read MoreEssay on The Great Gatsby1404 Words   |  6 Pagesnouveaux riches often clashed with the established wealth, as evident throughout F. Scott Fitzgeraldâ€℠¢s The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald’s narrator, Nick Carraway, suddenly finds himself submerged in the paper-thin morals, and shallow values of upper-class New York after migrating from the Western interior. Throughout the novel, Nick is highly cynical of American society. Thus, The Great Gatsby is Fitzgerald’s means of criticizing the worsening family structure of American society, the newfound materialisticRead MoreThe Great Gatsby635 Words   |  3 PagesThe one thing that Gatsby really wanted to show to Daisy was the mansion and the valuable belongings he owned. The reason he was so focused on making it sure it happened, could be for various reasons. When Daisy left Gatsby to marry Tom, Gatsby was heartbroken. The reason was not because she didnt love Gatsby, it was simply due to the fact that Gatsby didn’t have enough wealth back then compared to Tom. Daisy came from a not so wealthy family and having wealth played an important part in her life

Lgbt Issues Are The New Black - 960 Words

Trans Within the past couple of years, LGBT issues have been showing up more in our daily lives than ever before. Taking a closer look at the T in LGBT, there have been stories and articles about transgender individuals and this has triggered a large variety of emotions and opinions from people all over the world. Someone who is transgender is an individual who identifies as a gender that does not match the gender that is assigned to him or her at birth. One of the biggest stories that brought transgender individuals into the mainstream spotlight was the announcement that Bruce Jenner, an Olympic gold metal winner, is trans gender. This was broadcast to millions of people as he told his story in an emotional interview with Diane Sawyer. Laverne Cox, a transgender woman, has had a predominant role in the Netflix series â€Å"Orange is the New Black† for the past 3 seasons and has also helped spread awareness about the trans community. With all of these stories being seen by mo re and more people, there have been some that haven’t been very accepting of the transgender community. Transphobia can lead to aggression towards trans individuals, causing abuse that may cause physical and emotional damage. Trans individuals are being policed by not only society, but also by institutions. Transphobia can be defined as the â€Å"unreasoning hostility, aversion, etc., toward transgender people.(1)† This hostility and aversion may come from many different sources that can have an effect onShow MoreRelatedThe Controversy Of The Black Lgbt Community Essay1230 Words   |  5 Pagesimagine a major piece of history, totally hidden in subliminal messages? The Black LGBT community has been forever present, just hidden in subliminal messages. They have been involved with major civil rights movements. They have been the backbone of the black church dating back to its origin. They have been present in the entertainment realm dating back to its inception as well . All of these prominent roles of the Black LGBT community is often either swept under the rug, or hidden from the public.Read MoreMedia Analysis Feminism1658 Words   |  7 Pagesorientation is predicated upon 16 articles drawn from three major news sources: Newsweek, The New York Times, and The Advocate. The articles were published in the months of January, February, and March. The selection of the articles was not random; I specifically chose articles whose titles and introductions were of particular interest. The three news sources, particularly the Times and The Advocate, published many articles related to LGBT issues—typically greater than a dozen for each weekly search—fromRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Paris Is Burning 1628 Words   |  7 PagesAfter the Civil Rights Movement, negative attitudes towards black people had a lessened; however there was still some racial tension nationwide. Racism, the disease that plagued this country (and still does today) w as not gone in addition to that, other issues plagued America. The fruits of the labor of the Civil rights movement was not reaped by all of Black America. There was an omission of queer* black Americans when it came to who got the benefits that came from the Civil Rights movement. TheRead MoreThe New Queen Of Pop872 Words   |  4 PagesThe New Queen of Pop? â€Å"My artpop could mean anything† (Lady Gaga, 2013). Lady Gaga’s incredibly creative and diverse music and art influenced the music industry, making her one of the most influential people in the world. Gaga grew up with an interest in music, her music influenced by Christianity in her family. She began singing at open mic bar nights in New York, with several small bands. Soon, she broke onto the scene, and released her album, The Fame. (â€Å"Lady Gaga†, 2010) Quickly, she grew inRead MoreThe Psychological Symptoms And Disparities Of Gay Youth And How They Outstandingly Differentiate From Their Homeless Heterosexual Counterparts1154 Words   |  5 PagesOrthopsychiatry, 84(1), 66-72. The authors of Out on the street researched the number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth and the experiences of homelessness each year in the United States. The primary focus in this journal is the substance use problems, suicidal acts, violent victimization, and a range of HIV risk behaviors that LGBT endure. The intense needs of LGBT youth experiencing homelessness, may vary but, by understanding their unique experiences to develop responsive practicesRead MoreThe Civil Rights and the LGBT Movements Essay example890 Words   |  4 Pagesagainst the unfair treatment of blacks became more frequent. New leaders, such as Martin Luther King, manifested themselves. The civil rights activists thus found themselves searching for the â€Å"noble dream† unconsciously conceived by the democratic ideals of the Founding Fathers to be instilled. However, such goals came too slowly for some, who further disagreed that the nonviolent tactics would be successful to liberate blacks; thus, in approximately 1965, a black nationalistic spirit arose. TheRead MoreChicano Movement Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pageswas for women of the American Indian movement to advocate the people’s rights. Women were treated as ineffectual in the movement and when they realized it, they decided to converge into a new organization. WARN also advocated respect for their men and those incarcerated. In addition, WARN also confronted issues women and children faced. (Britannica 1) Activism has fought for gender equality in America. The woman suffrage movement gave the opportunity of gender equality in America. It began in theRead MoreSports Influence The Ongoing Civil Rights Movement1658 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to an unofficial census of the NFL, 67.89% of the players in the league are African American. Today, modern sports fans do not consider the significance of the first black player, who broke the color barrier similar to Jackie Robinson. Fritz Pollard ended the many years of segregation in the NFL as he started a new trend of black players in the league. About 20 years later, the progress of African Americans in the NFL increases to 30% and now it is more than twice the amount. Modern day fans todayRead MoreLgbt Community s Endeavor For Equality998 Words   |  4 Pagesthe early Homophile Movement to the modern day Human Rights Campaign, the LGBT community’s endeavor for equality was granted a long-time goal on June 26, 2015 when the Supr eme Court ruled same-sex marriage a nationwide right. As LGBT movements have gained popularity in the fight for equal rights, LGBT culture has struggled to find a place in mainstream media. Within the community itself, there is an underrepresentation of LGBT individuals. In particular, transgender individuals are underrepresentedRead MoreAnalysis Of Pariah, Directed And Written By Dee Rees Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesLGBT is an initialism that stands for lesbian, gay, bi-sexual, and transgender. It is intended to highlight a diversity of sexuality and gender identity-based cultures. Historically, LGBT people have had to deal with being brutalised and misunderstood because of the misconception that being gay is different and deserves different treatment. However, there are efforts being made daily by the community in order to educate people and ease their fears. The purpose of the following analysis is to deconstruct

Strategic Issues in Public-Private Partnerships

Question: Write about theStrategic Issues in Public-Private Partnerships. Answer: One of the major important issues in this project is the management of risks emerging from the different perspectives. The construction project of the magnitude of new Royal Adelaide Hospital has many players who have to engage on different activities within the site. There are key sub-contractors who are contracted to carry some of the activities and their monitoring becomes one of the key risk the main contractor is able to face in the project (Dewulf, Blanken Bult-Spiering, 2012). The major activities are required to be done in the right order and the main contractor must make sure that these activities are done well. Failure to manage some of these key risks results to a double procurement method for the both resources used and the human resource. The complexities of the activities of major projects are able to increase the chances for risks which the sub-contractors are likely to make during their execution of the duties. The procurement process has to consider the complexity o f these activities and therefore enhance the choice of the personnel to carry out the duties and the process to be followed. This will help to reduce double cost in some of the key area within the project. In addition, the analysis of the will enhance the timely completion of the project which is key to the procurement process (Rechel et all., 2009). The analysis of the risks will ensure that some of the key processes are taken on the required timeline and they enhance the process undertaking of the construction. The new Royal Adelaide Hospital is a large project, which requires close monitoring of the risk, which is emerging from different perspectives. In addition, the analysis helps to reduce the cost pressures from the procurement departments since the resources will be utilized properly (Dewulf, Blanken Bult-Spiering, 2012). The analysis of the risks is a key necessity, which has to be involved in Public Private Partnership, (PPP) arrangement that is being applied on new Royal Adelaide Hospital project. In addition, the PPP is able to define the responsible parties for the different risks and therefore helps to derive a better way to solve them. The monitoring of the personnel and especially sub-contractors is another key issue, which must be analyzed through the new Royal Adelaide Hospital project. As bigger project has different parties taking different responsibilities and they have to be monitored to ensure that the procurement process is not compromised (Rechel et all., 2009). Proper and clear guidelines must be provided to the sub-contractors from the procurement department to ensure they know what they have to provide and the cost of their activities. References Dewulf, G., Blanken, A., Bult-Spiering, M. (2012). Strategic Issues in Public-Private Partnerships. Hoboken: Wiley. Rechel, B., European Health Property Network., European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies., World Health Organization. (2009). Investing in hospitals of the future. Copenhagen: World Health Organization on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.

Story of Phkentz free essay sample

The Story of an Outsider Russian 207 Andrei Kazimirovich Sushinksy is the protagonist and the narrator in the Sci-Fi thriller â€Å"Pkhentz. † He is revealed as an alien that has crash-landed on earth, and is believed to be the only one from his planet to survive. In the story Andrei is very conscious of his appearance and talks extensively about reality and appearances. Much like the writers during the Russian Revolution who had to be very aware of the way they appeared to act, they had to disguise their true thoughts and writings. Tertz is essentially portraying how he felt like Andrei, because he was a writer and was forced to not act himself. Andrei, talks a lot how his body is changing and has to keep his human form at all costs. Like the writers during the Russian Revolution it was the utmost importance to keep conforming for the fear of getting punished, deported or even killed. We will write a custom essay sample on Story of Phkentz or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tertz is representing a conformist getting censored that cannot write freely through Andrei. Only way Tertz thought he could write in Russia about what he truly felt and not get persecuted was through stories like an alien narrative.Andrei’s surroundings are very foreign to him, and he calls them out as being weird. If Tertz were to call out flaws within the new system he would surely be punished, he was smart enough to use stories like Pkhentz to disguise his distaste of the system through Andrei. Again through Andrei, Tertz shows the pride of his character even though he has to portray something he is not. In the end he cannot remember things simple things like his language and how he used to live, much like what happens under censorship, you forget how you did things before, all you know is what you are told to do and how you are supposed to live now .Tertz is able to use Andrei’s interactions with humans as a metaphor of highlighting soviet writer’s censorship as a result of the Russian revolution. Andrei knows in order to survive he must disguise himself as a human; because he does this he feels deep emotional pain. Like Andrei, Tertz knew he would only survive in Russia if he disguised his true thoughts in his writings. Andrei manages to disguise himself as a hunchback, the lowliest appearance of a human. A women who lives in the same apartment as him named Veronica, takes a liking to him, but he rejects her for the fears of revealing his true identity. Andrei finds his human body repulsive and yearns for contact and association with his own kind. This is evident when he gets excited when he comes into contact with another hunchback Leopold, whom he thinks is an alien. Andrei uses the code word â€Å"Pkhentz† a sacred name which he remembers. Leopold immediately fails to understand this word, and we can see through Andrei’s persistency to get him to recognize this word, that Andrei really misses contact with other aliens. Through Andrei, Tertz is showing how it was hard for authors to find other authors that were willing to speak out post Revolution.Pkhentz can be read as a satirical allegory on the disastrous consequences of the Russian Revolution, also as a commentary from Tertz on the difficulty of creative artists in during the time. Andrei’s mistaken crash-landing can be seen as similar to the Bolshevik seizure of power. In the story the ship took seven months to land which was approximately the same amount of time between the Russian revolution in February 1917, and the Bolshevik seizure of power in October 1917. Like the Russian Revolution, the crash landing by Andrei’s ship was unplanned.Andrei being the sole survivor of the crash must adapt to this new hostile environment he has found himself in. He explains â€Å"the air was wrong, the light was wrong, and all the gravities and pressures were strange. † Like authors felt post Russian Revolution, the censorship made them feel strange and out of place, like Andrei they would feel out of place. Tertz then draw comparisons between Andrei’s hostile environments to the hostile political environment writers faced after the revolution. The author personally identifies himself with the alien by giving him the name Andrei, signifying the story is likely based on himself. The alien assumes the identity of being Half-Russian and half-polish which Tertz is. In the story Andrei loses his eye in 1934, which is significant because in 1934 convention, delegates approved a party resolution establishing a doctrine of socialist realism as the sole standard of writing. This doctrine essentially killed all creative works from authors as well as put the pressure on writer to conform to if for the fear of being punished if they did not. Tertz did not agree with this doctrine and objected it through his works which he ended up being punished for and sent to prison.We can see the hardships authors faced simply by identifying that Tertz is Andrei Sinyavskys fake â€Å"pen name. † His fake pen name was eventually deemed illegal and was sent to prison. Throughout the story, Tertz associate the position of the alien as an outsider and nonconformist with that of the writer in the Soviet Union. Near the end of the story if where we see Tertz suggesting the need to overcome the cultural isolation that Russian writers have experienced, by being separated by their Western European neighbours.Andrei starts to apostrophize his lost native language, which he vaguely remembers, and uses two western European words, bonjour (French), and gutenabend (German). This essentially is Tertz appeal to re-establish the relationship between the Soviet literature and a lost linguistic and cultural tradition represented by both the pre-evolutionary Russian literature, and the literature of Western Europe. We also see through the end of the story that Andrei determines to wait until the first frost and then ignite himself with a match.This is his proudness showing in that he does not want the humans to examine him after he dies. In the meantime, he wants to gaze at the heavens, attempting to distinguish the star from which he came, and longs for his native land. This can be read as Tertz displa ying the difficulty under censorship to remember ones original views, but at the same time still longing for society previously experienced. By using Andrei as the narrator Tertz is able to compel the reader to view the world through the eyes of an alien. This technique presents the reader with unusual perspective on human habits and customs.The simplest elements of human life become very complex, such as his distaste in human clothing. Andrei’s character is one that is proud and has high self-worth. Tertz satiric method is at its best when Andrei is contemplating his fate, if his true identity were to be revealed. He says academics would rush to examine him, question him, and interrogate him in indifferent of his feelings and wishes. He says he would have been commercially exploited through films and poetry. He goes even further to claim that â€Å"ladies would wear green lipstick, and have their hate made to look like cacti.Children and streets would be named after him, and he would become as famous as one of the most famous in the word like Hercules and Gulliver. † By associating Andrei with Hercules, it reinforces the fact that the alien is the protagonist and hero of the story. Like Andrei, Gulliver has made fantastic voyages around the world and views his surroundings from perspective of an outsider. Tertz thus reaffirms the value of parody and make-believe as a helpful understanding to the shortcomings of human beings, their imperfections, and their shared agreements.The story Pkhentz is one that makes the readers think of what life would be like from the outside. Andrei being an alien gives us this insight and through him Tertz is able to give the insight into what creative writers faced post Revolution. Andrei feels an emotional pain not being able to show his true self. This is what writers must have faced because they could not reveal their true thoughts because of the creative doctrine. This story conveys the realities writers felt as a result of the Russian Revolution.Through Andrei, Tertz tells us an emotional tale of an alien that must endure this pain in order to not attract attention to himself. This hostile environment is one that is parallel to one writers faced. Andrei longs for contact with other like him but does not find it. The apostrophizing at the end is the climax of the story and the main suggestion Tertz leaves us with. It is essentially a suggestion to re-establish the relationship between the Soviet literature and a lost linguistic and cultural tradition represented by both the pre-evolutionary Russian literature, and the literature of Western Europe.

Smoking Cessation a Prevention of Disease †Graduate Research Paper

Smoking Cessation a Prevention of Disease – Graduate Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Smoking Cessation a Prevention of Disease Graduate Research Paper Abstract This review of literature addresses the problem of smoking in America. The guidelines present comprehensive plans to help the clinician assist and direct their clients with this habitual problem. The review of literature reflects this monumental effect tobacco smoking has on everyone. The cost of treating tobacco related illness is staggering. Prevention of tobacco consumption as shown in the literature starts with educating our children and providing programs that make our children aware of the risks at an early age. Identification of the client with a smoking addiction is the first step the clinician must take. Counseling, providing educational materials, and offering pharmocotherapy are also necessary interventions on the practitioner’s level. Community awareness and dedicated involvement is essential to be successful on a meaningful scale. Our community budgets need to include money to spend on prevention and treatment programs as well as managed care incentives and insurance reimbursement to hospitals and clinicians that practice smoking cessation and prevention. Tobacco smoking is a huge problem and this paper identifies solutions and facts to support the need for cessation. Tobacco is the single greatest cause of disease and premature death in America today and is responsible for more than 430,000 deaths each year. Americans spend an estimated $50 billion annually on direct medical care from smoking related disability and illness. Nearly 25 percent of adult Americans currently smoke, and 3,000 children and adolescents become regular users every day (U.S. Public Health, 2000). Because tobacco dependence is a chronic condition it often requires repeated intervention. Research shows that delivering treatment to tobacco users is cost effective. It is essential that clinicians and health care delivery systems offer treatments available and document their effect (American College, 2000). In 1998, The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion set The Healthy People 2010 prevalence goal for a 13% reduction with a smoking prevalence at nearly 24% in 1997 the nation will likely fall short of this goal (Mendez Warner, 2000). The authors go on to say â€Å"for adults older than 50 years, this would require that the annual cessation rate, currently 5.96%, increase to over 21%† (Mendez Warner, 2000). The purpose of this review of literature is to obtain the best practice for helping people stop smoking and to determine how serious the problem really is related to cost and determent to our nation’s health. As clinicians we will be attempting to determine our patient’s risk factors and giving them the opportunity and treatment to prevent illness. I would like to have the best understanding about what actually works according to research and the current guidelines available. The evidenced based guidelines are very helpful and give very useful information to the clinician. The first guidelines I found are addressed not only to the practitioner but also to the health care administrator, insurers, managed care organizations and purchasers. The guidelines proposed by the U.S. Public Health Service call for a systems approach. Six strategies are recommended for treating tobacco use and dependence. They are as follows: Every clinic should implement a tobacco-user identification system. All health care systems should provide education, resources, and feedback to promote provider intervention. Clinical sites should dedicate staff to provide tobacco dependence treatment and assess the delivery of this treatment in staff performance evaluations. Hospitals should promote policies that support and provide tobacco dependence services. Insurers and managed care organizations should include tobacco dependence treatments (both counseling and pharmacotherapy) as paid or covered services for all subscribers or members of health insurance packages. Insurers and managed care organizations should reimburse clinicians and specialists for delivery of effective tobacco dependence treatments and include these interventions among the defined duties of clinicians. The guidelines take each strategy and give detailed explanations and examples of how to implement them. This guideline uses The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and The National Cancer Institute for their evidence base. The next guideline is endorsed by the American College of Cardiology and is meant to be a clinical practice guideline for clinicians. These guidelines were developed by the committee of Tobacco Use and Dependence Guideline Panel and consists of 17 members fifteen MDs and two RNs. These guidelines have major recommendations which include screening for tobacco use, treatment structure and advice to quit smoking, treatment elements including counseling, behavioral therapies and pharmacotherapy, special populations which include gender, pregnancy, children and adolescents, and the last recommendation takes into account special topics such as weight gain and clinician training. Each recommendation is elaborated and detailed with specific examples of each. Both of the guidelines are very helpful and give systematic approaches that will be very beneficial to the clinician and the patient. Research article #1 Neil-Urban, S., Lasala, K., Todd, S. J. (2002). Community collaboration: using nursing students in a smoking cessation program for pregnant women. Journal of Nursing Education, 41, 76-79. The authors identified the following problems. Smoking results in the unnecessary premature deaths of more than 200,000 American women annually. It has been established that approximately 25% of pregnant women smoke throughout their pregnancy. Many studies demonstrate that smoking cessation during pregnancy or during the first trimester will result in improved pregnancy outcomes and statistically normal birth weights. The purpose as stated is to provide community-based education, emphasizing health promotion and disease reduction, in which collaborative partnerships with agencies in the community are developed and maintained. The hypotheses presented in this study focuses on the fact that less than 40% of clinicians routinely advise their patients to stop smoking. Citing lack of training, lack of time, sense of apathy and powerlessness to change client’s behavior, lack of funds for materials to offer clients and lack of awareness of the expert panel reports and recommendations for prenatal care. In addition reasons pregnant women offer for not participating in smoking cessation are inconvenience of group classes, lack of available child -care, lack of support, and too much going on in their lives. Most of these obstacles could potentially be solved, by using nursing students to implement such programs in the homes of the pregnant clients. The literature review included 28 references. Some were older than 5 years especially related to birth weight in smoking mothers and counseling of pregnant mothers. The theory used was the health belief model and personal health behavior presented by M.H. Becker originally in 1974 and is referenced. The authors also utilized the Agency of Health Care Policy and Research Guidelines for Smoking Cessation. The Pregnant Women’s guide to Quit Smoking handbook was utilized as a self -help program for the mothers. This quantitative study is really a pilot study due to the size of the sample, with only 22 women participating in the study. This pilot study is descriptive and is the basis for further quantitative research. Variables identified were social and environmental factors that mitigated against the success in quitting smoking, barriers produced by the community agency and the student collaboration, the lack of enthusiasm from the director and shyness on the part of the students. These variables are all conceptual demonstrated by the behavior of the students, clients and clinic. The authors obtained permission to conduct this research project by the Human Subjects Review Committees at both the pregnancy clinic and the university. All clients reviewed and signed a consent form as stated in the study. This study of 22 women although a small sample demonstrated an 18% quit rate at the 6 month follow-up and more than 40% reported a reduced amount they smoked, these rates compared favorably to other studies. This study is an important application to practice proving that elimination of some of the barriers to smoking cessation and providing a self -help program with follow-up and implementation from nursing students, can result in positive outcomes. Research article #2 Secker-Walker, R. H., Flynn, B. S., Solomon, L. (2000). Helping women quit smoking: results of a community intervention program. American Journal of Public Health 90, 940-946. The problems as identified by the next research project are as follows: In the mid-1980s, the decline in smoking prevalence among women was lagging behind men. Lack of research on strategies to accomplish large-scale smoking cessation for women. The need for social support while quitting. The need for coping with negative affect in the absence of smoking. Concerns about weight gain. The purpose and goal of the project was to reduce the prevalence of smoking among women age 18 to 64 years, with special emphasis on the lower income women of childbearing age. Other objectives as stated: Increase motivation and intention to quit smoking and confidence in staying quit despite weight gain and negative affect. Increase awareness of, access to, and use of cessation activities or support for staying quit. Strengthen perceived norms and available support to help women quit smoking. The review of literature consisted of some 40 references. All of the references except 2 were older than 5 years, however the baseline study was conducted from October 1989 to June 1990 and the 5 year follow-up survey was conducted in 1994. The researchers looked at many other smoking cessation programs including community intervention programs and analysis and assessment of outcome material. As stated by the authors, the study used the social cognitive theory, the transtheoretical model of behavior change, diffusion of innovation theory and communications theory. They used the PRECEDE framework of predisposing factors, enabling factors, and reinforcing factors involved in behavior change to integrate the overall objectives of the intervention program. The variables identified in this study were the nonrandomized design, the inclusion of only 2 counties in each condition, and the lack of prior measures of in these counties to assess earlier secular trends. The rural nature and lack of ethnic diversity in the population limit the generalizability of the results these were all conceptual definitions. The operational definitions related to the interventions used to increase awareness, the strategies used to increase motivation and the support provided to help the women quit smoking. This quantitative study is a quasi-experimental design examining the effects of the interventions on the two rural counties with sample sizes of just over 6,000 each. Because the study took place over 5 years, enthusiasm was the greatest in the first two years. Each annual plan included specific measurable objectives for each group to be accomplished during the next 12 months. The last 2 annual plans included strategies to institutionalize the Breath Easy programs. This plan even with change of personnel minimized the variables. The project did not list any of the ethical issues related to consent or approval boards. This study with a smoking prevalence reduction of 7.8% at five years in the county that received the treatment is a very positive outcome and is significant to the advanced practitioner. The problem of smoking cessation involves the entire community and this study tested a long- term plan that achieved a good effect. Research article #3 Zhang, X., Miller, L., Max, W. (1999). Cost of smoking to the Medicare program, 1993. Health Care Financing Review, 20, 179-196. The problems tackled in this paper are related to the following issues: Interest in smoking related costs has never been higher. Other research has examined the cost borne by Medicaid only. Medicare covers the medical expenses of 34 million Americans age 65 or over and 5.5 million persons with disabilities. 16 percent of Medicare enrollees in 1994 reported themselves as current smokers and 44 percent as former smokers. The purpose and objective of this study is to present each state’s estimate of Medicare expenditures attributed to smoking for the Medicare population, including those with disabilities. The review of literature consisted of 21 references half of which are older then 5 years. Many as you can imagine are related to the statistics and sample bias. The others are related to disability and the economic cost of smoking. No theory was identified in this study. The variables were many due to the huge sample. The authors have one large table identifying the many variables that come into play when attempting to do the statistics of this size population. Several variables identified included sample bias related to the likelihood that people who were more concerned about their health issues were more likely to participate in the supplemental survey and were likely to have a higher demand for medical services. Participants who were sicker and needed medical services were less likely to participate. Other variables listed were sociodemographic, economic and other risk factors. These are all considered operational definition and can be measured and manipulated. This quantitative study is correlational and examines linear relationships between the different variables. The study addresses the issue of sample bias and control of the variables by using the standard Heckman-Lee adjustments and the inverse Mill’s ratio. There was no mention of consent or approval for this study. This study is important to advanced practitioners especially related to our population being Medicare age here in Florida. If we can spend our health care monies on prevention rather than smoking related illness we will save as this study determined in 1993. The total Medicare smoking attributed expenditures in the United States amounted to $14.2 billion. Of this total $10.8 billion was for hospital care, $2.4 billion for ambulatory care, $488 million for nursing home care and $473 million on home health care services. As this study points out we are paying a lot for a habit that could be prevented. Research article #4 Daughton, D., Fortmann, S. P., Golver, E. D., Hatsukami, D>, Heatley, S., Lichtenstein. E., Repsher, L., Millatmal, T., Killen, J.D., Nowak, R., Ullrich, F., Kashinath, P. D., Rennard, S. I. (1998). The smoking cessation efficacy of varying doses of nicotine patch delivery systems 4 to 5 years post-quit day. Preventive Medicine, 28,113-118. The research problems and issues addressed in this study are as follows: Cigarette smoking is the major preventable risk factor for excess morbidity and mortality in the developed world. While transdermal nicotine delivery has been found to aid in cessation efforts, the long term efficacy has been largely assessed at 6 months and 1 -year post quit. Little is known about the long- term benefits of various doses of nicotine patch therapy over several years. The purpose and objective of this study is to evaluate the long-term smoking cessation efficacy of varying doses of the transdermal nicotine delivery system 4 to 5 years post -quit day. There were 14 references used in this study. Most all of the sources are older then 5 years but the study was done in 1998 so the references were within the 5 year frame of the study. The literature involved previous studies of the nicotine patch and three related to weight gain. No theory or framework was discussed. The variables were described as demographic such as age and sex and smoking variables which were assessed by logistic regression . Self- rated motivation to quit was not related to long-term continuous abstinence. This is a quantitative study is descriptive and quasi-experimental. The researchers examined the cause and effect of the nicotine patch 5 years out and explored a real life situation. The study was first approved by the University of Nebraska Medical Center Institutional Review Board. The participants who were enrolled in this study were long-term abstinence patients from the transdermal nicotine study group investigation and all signed an informed consent. This study concludes that the 21 mg. patch resulted in significantly higher long-term continuous abstinence rate compared to lower dose patches and placebo. This is an option the advanced practitioner has to offer her patients to help them with smoking cessation and the research shows it is an effective alternative. Research article #5 Schonfeld, D.J., Bases, H., Quakenbush, M. (2001). Pilot-testing a cancer education curriculum for grades K-6. The Journal of School Health, 71,61-65. The problems researched in this study are as follows: Nearly 1 in 3 Americans will develop cancer and is a leading cause of death in both adults and children. Cigarette smoking alone causes more deaths in the U. S. than does AIDS, car accidents, alcohol, homicides, illegal drugs, suicides, and fires combined. Risk factors learned and established in childhood and adolescence, such as tobacco use, eating habits, and sunning contribute to most cancers that appear later in adulthood. Most smokers begin to experiment with tobacco between 10 and 14 years of age. The purpose and hypotheses of this pilot study relates to the fact that to intervene with young children to help establish health-promoting behavior prior to adolescence will reduce the adult cancer risk. Cancer prevention education and the importance in elementary grades to discourage the adoption of tobacco use is an important link to adult cancer risk. The review of literature involved the use of 18 references, half were older than 5 years. The literature relates to cancer prevention for children and adolescents. The researchers used cognitive development, social cognitive and social influence theory to develop a seven-unit cancer prevention curriculum. The variable was the children’s conceptual understanding about cancer. This is a conceptual definition and the authors used a two -tailed T test to control and measure the results of the conceptual understanding employing a pre test and a post-test after the 15 hours of instruction In this quantitative study and due to the small sample size of 88 students, it was decided to apply the treatment to the entire group. The variable was then measured with a pre test and post-test. This would be considered a descriptive and correlational study that will generate new knowledge about smoking cessation and measures the conceptual variable before and after treatment. The researchers minimized the threats to validity by utilizing the ASK interview which was individually administered, standardized, and semi structured and measured both factual and conceptual knowledge about cancer.There was a written informed parental consent and child’s assent used for interviewing the children. This study is important for the clinician’s understanding that cancer prevention starts at the elementary school level. By increasing the children’s conceptual understanding and factual knowledge of cancer, America stands a chance in improving the strategic role in the prevention of smoking. In conclusion, this review of literature presented facts and solutions to support the need for more definitive action toward the problem of smoking cessation. Americans spend huge sums of money treating smoking related illness and not enough is done on prevention starting at the elementary school levels. Clinicians need to identify and address the problem with each of their patients that smoke and make available treatment options that are successful. Lastly our communities, HMOs, and hospitals need to make a pro-active statement related to smoking cessation to support and develop programs that meet the goals of Healthy People 2010. Smoking is the most preventable deterrent to American’s health today and as presented in this review of litertature , we have ways to prevent it’s devastation. Research Papers on Smoking Cessation a Prevention of Disease - Graduate Research PaperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationOpen Architechture a white paperTwilight of the UAWArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesResearch Process Part One

A Comprehensive Cheat Sheet for Fractions

A Comprehensive Cheat Sheet for Fractions Fractions Cheat Sheet This cheat sheet provides a basic outline of what you need to know about fractions when you are required to perform computations that involve fractions. Computations refer to addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. You should have an understanding of simplifying fractions and calculating common denominators prior to adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing fractions. Multiplying Fractions Once you remember that the numerator refers to the top number and the denominator refers to the bottom number of a fraction, you are on your way to being able to multiply fractions. You will multiply the numerators, then multiply the denominators and will be left with an answer that may require one additional step: simplifying. Lets try one: 1/2 x 3/41 x 3 32 x 4 8Therefore the answer is 3/8 Dividing Fractions Again, you need to know that the numerator refers to the top number and the denominator refers to the bottom number. In the case of division of fractions, you will invert the divisor and then multiply. Put simply, turn the second fraction upside down (this is called the reciprocal) and then multiply. Lets try one: 1/2 x 1/31/2 x 3/1 (we just flipped 1/3 to 3/1)3/3 which we can simplify to 1 Notice that I began with Multiplication and Division? If you remember the above, you wont have much difficulty with those two operations as they dont involve calculating the like denominators. However, when subtracting and adding fractions, were are often required to calculate the like or common denominators. Adding Fractions When  adding fractions with the same denominator, you leave the denominator as it is and add the numerators. Lets try one:3/4 9/413/4 Of course, now the numerator is larger than the denominator so you would simplify and have a mixed number:3 1/4 However, when adding fractions with unlike denominators, a common denominator needs to be found prior to adding the fraction. Lets try one:2/3 1/4 (the lowest common denominator is 12)8/12 3/12 11/12 Subtracting Fractions When subtracting fractions with the same denominator, leave the denominator as it is and subtract the numerators. Lets try one:9/4 - 8/4 1/4However, when subtracting fractions without the same denominator, a common denominator needs to be found prior to subtracting the fraction. Lets try one:1/2 - 1/6 (the lowest common denominator is 6) 3/6 - 1/6 2/6 which can be reduced to 1/3 There are times when youll simplify the fractions when it makes sense.